When a conjunctive participle is reduplicated (the verb stem is repeated), it indicates an action that is repeated many times. मैं यह आवाज़ सुन-सुनके परेशान हो रहा हूं – “I’m getting annoyed listening to that sound again and again!” वह काम कर-करके थक गई – “She got tired from working over and over again”
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There are no distinct passive forms of conjunctive participles. Instead, when a conjunctive participle is in the passive voice, the transitive form of the participle is used. उसे हटाकर कहीं और भेजा गया – “It was removed and sent elsewhere” In the previous example, the transitive participle हटाकर was used.
Most explanations of conjunctive participles emphasize a sequence. For instance “मैं अपनी चाबी लेके वापस आता हूं” – “I’ll get my key and come right back”. In this sentence, there is a sequence of actions: first the person gets the key, then the person returns. Although conjunctive participles do generally indicate a sequence, this is often incidental. Many […]
In Hindi, there is a continuity idiom that involves a conjunctive participle followed by a form of the verb रहना. It is the intransitive counterpart to the “conjunctive participle + रखना” idiom. In general, रहना and रखना are often used as counterparts (e.g. चुप रहो = “keep [oneself] quiet]”, खुला रखो = “keep [something] open”). This idiom has the following […]
Consider the following verb phrases: ले आना, ले जाना, निकल आना, घुस आना, बच निकलना. They look like compound verbs, but they are not compound verbs. The difference is that the auxiliary verb in a compound verb loses its meaning and imparts a nuance to the main verb whereas in each of the verb phrases above, […]
Consider this sentence: “इस आविष्कार ने दुनिया को बदल कर रख दिया” (“This invention changed the world”). A conjunctive participle followed by a form of रखना often indicates an action that has long-lasting or permanent effects. This makes sense; रखना can mean “to keep, to maintain”, etc. Thus, this idiom is another type of continuity idiom. Here’s […]
As the name implies, “conjunctive participles” may be used to conjoin two verb phrases, in a manner similar to conjunctions such as और (“and”). If the same subject performs two sequential actions, the first action may be expressed with a conjunctive participle. Conjunctive participles are very common in Hindi, and many speakers prefer to use […]
Participles are verbal adjectives. In other words, they have characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. Like verbs, participles express an action or state, and have gender, number, voice, and aspect. Like adjectives, participles can qualify nouns or pronouns, and have gender, number, and case. Participles can also be used as adverbs. Kinds of Participles Hindi […]
There is an idiom in Hindi that involves a noun and the verb आना. There are notes about specific instances of this idiom: नज़र आना and काम आना. In this idiom, a new verb is formed by combining a noun and the verb आना. Grammatically, it behaves like a compound verb. It is not technically a […]
The expression “X को लेकर” in Hindi literally means “taking X”. It consists of the postposition को and the conjunctive participle लेकर (from लेना, “to take”). Of course, this can be used literally, as in वह पुस्तकों को लेकर घर गया (“He took the books and went home”). However, this expression is commonly used to […]